Background
Hamstring injuries are one of the most common injuries in athletics accounting for up to 20% of all sports injuries (Wing et al. 2020). Injuries can be both acute due to a traumatic injury or overuse in nature due to exposure to higher training volumes over time. Both types of injuries can lead to a significant loss of practice and competition time in athletes. In the acute category injuries are graded on a 3 point scale of severity based on the degree of tissue damage in the muscle. Depending on the severity of the injury, hamstring injuries can range from 1-2 up to 12 weeks of time off training. Importantly, athletes with a previous history of hamstring injury have been found to be 3-4 times more likely to reinjure their hamstring in the future (Lee et al. 2018).
The hamstrings can commonly become injured during running sports due to the high demand of muscle activity required, as well as, the muscle’s anatomical location spanning two joints. For example, runners often describe a moment of overload or injury when the muscle transitions from a position of stretch as it swings forward into a muscle contraction when the foot hits the ground. This muscle group can also be overstretched during a kicking motion or bending forward to pick something off the ground. During both injury mechanisms, athletes can experience a sudden, sharp pain in the posterior thigh often with a pulling or popping sensation.
Hamstring overuse and acute injuries are common among runners at all levels, particularly those who engage in sprinting. There are two main mechanisms of injury for this athlete population. First, during the late swing phase of running, the hamstring eccentrically lengthens to slow the lower leg’s advancement rate in preparation for the stance phase. The other theory suggests that during the initial stance phase, opposing forces act on the body, placing strain on the hamstring muscle. Both mechanisms underscore the importance of eccentric hamstring strengthening. In our Boulder Physical Therapy practice we often see hamstring injuries in runners with weakened hip extensors (Gluteus Maximus). This muscle imbalance leads to an overload of the hamstrings due to the lack of contribution from the gluteus maximus during the running gait.
Risk Factors
Previous researchers have found a significant number of modifiable and non modifiable risk factors for a future hamstring injury (Wing et al. 2020). Athletes often experience hamstring injuries when fatigued at the end of a practice or competitive bout of exercise. Authors have noted athletes with a relatively short hamstring were 4 times more likely to injury their hamstring compared to their peers with greater flexibility, but this remains a less consistent risk factor for injury. In addition to muscle length or flexibility, muscle strength and side to side symmetry have also been shown to influence a future hamstring injury. In our Boulder Physical Therapy and Lafayette Physical Therapy practices, an athlete with a significant loss of absolute strength or speed of muscle contraction (rate of force development) on their involved side will be a higher risk of re injury upon return to sport. As mentioned above the greatest risk of a future injury remains a previous hamstring injury. Highlighting the importance of a proper Physical Therapy rehabilitation program after initial injury. Finally, all athletes are encouraged to perform a proper warm up including dynamic lower body stretching prior to beginning their training.
Prevention
Numerous studies have investigated the effect of eccentric hamstring strengthening on reducing the likelihood of hamstring injury. One study demonstrated a 51% reduction in hamstring strains in soccer teams that included Nordic hamstring curls in their conditioning program. This proposed mechanism involves increasing muscle fascial length and improving eccentric muscle contraction control, allowing the muscle to effectively control lower leg advancement. Other exercises like the Romanian Deadlift, stiff-legged deadlift, and kickstand deadlift achieve similar eccentric loading, although they haven’t been studied as extensively as the Nordic curl. Injury prevention exercise programs should include a dynamic warm up, dynamic muscle stretching, sport specific movements, and lower body strengthening. Athletes should aim to perform these exercises 3-4 sets of 6-12 reps, 2-3 days/week.
Treatment
Hamstring injuries of all grades of severity or mechanisms of injury should be evaluated by a board certified Physical Therapist. Accurately determining the type and severity of injury allows for the most effective and efficient treatment plan. When rehabilitating a hamstring strain, it’s important to determine the stage of healing in order to progress exercises accordingly, as well as, address any underlying musculoskeletal impairments that might contribute to hamstring strain development such as gluteus maximus weakness.
In our Boulder Physical Therapy and Lafayette Physical Therapy practices, we treat injured athletes with a combined approach of manual therapy including spinal and extremity manipulation, dry needling, and high level strengthening exercises. Injured tissues require adequate loading, not rest, to remodel and heal properly. Muscles that are not rehabilitated properly remain overly sensitive during activity and the lack the force and length required to return to practice and competition without pain. In addition, it is critical to assess the entire athlete to identify causes of the initial hamstring injury including lost mobility, core weakness, running biomechanics, and muscle imbalances.
Click Here to see videos of hamstring exercise progressions
Dr. Alan Hofman’s journey into becoming a physical therapist was sparked by a personal experience with multiple knee surgeries in his early 20s. Experiencing firsthand the challenges and nuances of being a patient fueled his determination to pursue a career in physical therapy. Following this life-changing experience, he dedicated himself to achieving that goal and is excited to be able to treat and work alongside numerous top tier clinicians at Mend.
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Not every race goes just the way you hope. If they all did, multisport would not be the exciting, challenging, let’s-see-what-happens-now sport that it is.
But we all, really, want to have the race go the way we want. So we train, and write a race plan, and do our mental rehearsals before the race to enhance our chances of the race going the way we intend.
Sometimes they do. Sometimes they don’t.
So….what to do when your race goes wrong?
You can use almost any unwanted race situation to find something good to achieve. And, sometimes, almost miraculously, by refocusing, replacing and re-planning, you just might get back in the race.
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While the temps are rising across the landscape and as triathletes ramp up their training as they prep for their biggest events of the year, we have the same conversations behind the curtain at D3: Even though we prescribe a lot of Z2 for our athletes, when the rubber hits the road, and the road heats up, it may be time to shift your approach.
Before we dive into how and why we think this shift is important, let’s first discuss why training by heart rate is a far superior way to train for most of us for the better part of the year. When you have ideal conditions indoors on your treadmill or even outside in cool settings you can rely on your heart rate to give you great information as to what’s going on with your body. When we talk about using HR for measuring effort, we talk about using a chest strap and not a wrist strap. Wrist strap technology has gotten better over the years, but it’s still not as accurate as a chest strap in our experience. A chest strap remains the gold standard for measuring heart rate.
We won’t completely dive into everything as we’ve written enough on the subject already (Zone 1 and Zone 2 Explained link here) - but most of your training is going to be in the Zone 1 and Zone 2 range. This means 70-90% of total training time for most of us. The newer you are to the sport, the more Zone 1 and 2 you’ll need in your program. For example, if you are coming from a non-endurance sport - and you haven’t run a 5k, much less a half marathon, you’ll want to build up your endurance and lean into the Zone 2 work. The more ‘easy’ (Zone 2) work you can do, the bigger the capillary bed you’ll build and the better you’ll be at delivering oxygen to your muscles and carrying lactate away from your muscles as you fatigue. We’ve seen lots of short course PRs come from “long and low” training - (long sessions at a low heart rate). If you want to learn more about Zone 2 training, one of our latest podcasts covers the subject pretty well. Listen to D3 Coaches Mike and Jim discuss the topic here.
Building that nice and robust aerobic base will only help you create a bigger engine and allow you to train and race at faster paces over time. There’s nothing like years of aerobic work to build that engine and see how much you can improve year over year. We see this with our athletes time and again and our experience says that patience in building this base is a key skill set.
Now, many of you may say, “I don’t use heart rate and I’ve always trained by pace” and that’s fine too! Although we have written about that as well here. I still think you will run into trouble when it heats up and you can’t deliver the same amount of oxygen to your muscles because your body is trying to cool itself, and therefore your pace will be hard to maintain at the same effort or you will push too hard to maintain that effort. You can run into some problems if you get dehydrated, such as have heat stroke. So it’s smart to know your limits in the heat.
And on that note, let’s back up a minute. Your skin is the biggest organism of your body. Therefore, when it gets hot, your skin will send a signal to your brain that your skin needs cooling. Your sweat glands will then be activated and it will send water to the surface of your skin, in the form of sweat. Water then evaporates on the skin and cools the body, but only when you are in a dry climate. When it’s humid, evaporation will slow. This is all in direct conflict with your muscles asking for more oxygen as it's trying to maintain a certain pace. Your heart rate will rise and you may be running ‘easy’ but as your pace drops and your heart rate rises, your body is giving you a different signal: This is getting harder to maintain. If your body temp gets too high and your heart rate rises too much, you can get heat exhaustion, as we mentioned above.
There is another option to running by heart rate and pace and that’s running by RPE or Rate of Perceived Exertion. As you learn to use all your running metrics: heart rate, pace, and RPE, you learn how they all give you different information but hopefully lead you to the right pace, heart rate, and/or effort depending on the environmental conditions. Using a subjective measure is a skill set you learn over time while using RPE. From here you can figure out how hard you are working physically and if it’s sustainable. We like to use a 1-10 RPE scale to align effort with paces.
RPE 1-4 - usually very light
RPE 5 - very moderate or a low Zone 1
RPE 6 - Easy, all day effort - Zone 2 - can hold a conversation
RPE 7 - Tempo, sustainable for a while and you can still talk in sentences
RPE 8 - Threshold effort, short, one-word answers
RPE 9 - Very hard effort - VO2 - lasting 5-6 minutes
RPE 10 - all out effort only last a few seconds
Here are some thoughts on using RPE in your training and racing:
1. Be honest with your RPE. It’s easy to say ‘It’s easy’, but you need to think about it and be honest with yourself. Is your breathing really where it should be? Can you hold that effort for the desired time, be it 2 hours for a half marathon or 40 minutes for a 10k?
2. Make sure you have tested RPE in training. Trying to use RPE only in racing will probably lead to a result that is less than what you want.
3. Post race - align HR, Pace and RPE and see what trends you can find. Do the paces and HR align with what you are seeing in training at the same temps?
4. Most important, from D3 Coach Dave Sheanin, “RPE has to reflect how you are feeling dispassionately. It’s not aspirational. If you lie to yourself, you’re sunk.” This goes back to number one above, but it’s so important we had to say it again.
Above all else, when the temps are high and heart rate seems to be out of range, start working some RPE into your training so on race day, you are dialed in and can have a great race, no matter the weather!
They say 40 is the new 30, 50 is the new 40, etc. and in some ways that is very true. In fact, many adults find they are still getting faster as they move up to the next age group. And though some of us may not get faster, we keep going as best we can. The oldest female to complete and Ironman distance even is Sister Madonna Buder at age 82. The oldest male is Hiromu Inada who completed the 2018 Hawaii Ironman at the age of 85 with over 8 minutes to spare under the 16-hr cut-off. Truly incredible and inspiring!
Even though some may still race hard as they age, it is a fact that our bodies undergo changes not always conducive to being in top ace shape. So first the bad news: as we age our bones tend to shrink in size and density, muscles lose strength, endurance and flexibility and it is harder to raise our heart rate due to stiffening of the blood vessels and arteries. Male and females alike also experience a decline in testosterone which will also affect our athletic performance. But before you throw away your tri kit, there is good news as well, things you can do to slow this process, which many of you are likely already doing.
One of the best ways to combat the aging process is to add resistance training. Adding regular strength training to your weekly training plan will help preserve muscles, which in turn also supports joint health. Hitting the weights will also promote bone health which can decrease the incidence of osteoporosis as well as keep us more durable both on the racecourse and in training. Resistance training also boosts your metabolism to help manage weight as well as maintain adequate energy levels for the challenging training sessions and in competition.
Perhaps this information is not new to you, but you just can’t seem to fit in the strength training with your swimming, biking, running, job and family. That is where I was back in my early 30’s and at the time seemed to manage OK. Decades later, though, when my body started to rebel, I realized that strength training needs to be a priority! So instead of fitting in some strength training around your other training if you happen to have some extra time one day, why not add the resistance training as the fourth discipline (if you are training for triathlon) and make it a regular part of your weekly routine?
There are several types of strength training, it is important to find what works best for your body and what you enjoy. We do not need barbells and fancy machines; in fact, a lot can be accomplished with bodyweight exercises. Spending hours in the gym is not necessary either, with minimal equipment you can make your own home gym which is more convenient for many. For others, you may prefer accountability and sign up for classes at your local gym or put together a workout group with some of your training buddies. The key is to find something you enjoy so that you are more likely to be consistent.
One last note, if you have never done strength training before, please work with your coach or a personal training to make sure that you have a safe and effective plan to help you reach your goals and fight Father Time!
One crucial component when training for endurance events is staying comfortable. The correct saddle on your bike or adequately fitted running shoes are vital to keeping relaxed and comfortable. Your nutrition is also essential for a long training session for its nutritional value and mental stimulus. Often, the same sports drinks or bars become boring on long ride after long ride, and the boredom can creep into the quality of your workout. This is where variety in nutrition becomes crucial. A few years ago, I discovered an excellent book titled “Feed Zone Portables” by Thomas & Lim, 2013, which offers a wide range of recipes to keep your nutrition exciting and effective.
The authors list many delectable recipes for on-the-go nutrition. My favorites are honey and banana rice balls, banana waffles, and blueberry and chocolate coconut cakes. The blueberry and chocolate coconut cakes, per serving, contain 45g of carbohydrates and 194mg of sodium, on par with any commercially available bar. The authors also provide information on how to package your homemade nutrition for your training session. I highly recommend looking at this cookbook, written explicitly for the endurance athlete in mind.
Blueberry and Chocolate Coconut Cakes
3 cups of uncooked, sticky rice
4 ½ cups of water
¾ cup, canned coconut milk
1/4 cup raw sugar
Juice of one lemon
1 ½ teaspoons coarse salt
6 ounces semi-sweet chocolate chips
One pint of fresh blueberries
He's passionate about this topic! Learn key advice from D3 Coach Jim Hallberg about proper bike gear ratios. Plus, 4 drills to help you climb faster and conquer the hills on your bike.
Team coordination and group support are the foundations for maximizing performance in many sports, such as football, baseball, and soccer. We often hear the terms like it took a team effort to win or the team did not perform at their best when addressing a loss. However, as a triathlete, I understand that many of us choose to function as individuals in training and racing, with performance outcomes resting on our shoulders, never experiencing a team environment. The lack of a team environment or social support can make it difficult for us to cope with issues such as injury, burnout, poor performance, lack of sports education, and negative emotions. Research has shown that a positive social support network provided by coaches, peers, friends, and family has been identified as a valuable resource to us. Friends, family, and coaches can provide emotional support and encouragement, helping us maintain a positive mindset and resilience in the face of challenges. This caring support network can have a beneficial effect on our emotions and behaviors.
Sports psychologists, with their expertise in understanding the psychological aspects of sports, provide four primary parameters for defining positive social support for triathletes: emotional support, esteem support, informational support, and tangible support. Emotional support is when the athlete knows they are well cared for. This could come from a coach or family member, giving the athlete the sense that someone has their back and is there to support them. Esteem support reinforces and encourages the athlete’s sense of confidence. A coach can play a vital role in building an athlete’s self-confidence, pointing out the gains in training, or encouraging them to trust their training and hard work. Information and educational support providing guidance and advice. Some examples are training camps and sports-specific conferences with experienced coaches. Many athletes ask their peer group and coaching staff questions on the D3 Facebook page about their experiences on a racecourse or equipment selection. This is an excellent example of informational support. Lastly, tangible support. This could come from your equipment, bike mechanic, running shoe salesperson, or sponsorships or discounts on equipment.
However, the athlete should know that not all social support is positive. A lack of sensitivity or empathy to an injury or misinformed training advice can be viewed as negative support. Damaging and hurtful comments and social media posts should also be considered negative support. Social media can be a double-edged sword, providing false and misleading information surrounding nutritional advice or training techniques, leading to negative consequences for the athlete.
One of the most challenging issues an athlete may have to address is an injury that prevents them from training or racing, which may lead to symptoms of depression and anxiety. A strong social support network can ease the stress and anxiety associated with an injury by providing emotional support and empathy to the athlete. Also, social support can motivate the athlete during rehabilitation and recovery. Remember this: the next time you hear a fellow athlete is injured, a well-meaning note or phone call may improve an athlete’s state of mind and well-being after an injury and aid in post-injury stress.
There are many great opportunities to strengthen your social support system. Volunteering at a race can give you a sense of gratification and may help you form new friends with similar interests. Joining a master’s swim team or a Saturday group ride are great options for strengthening your social network. Additionally, consider contacting fellow triathletes on online forums or social media platforms. The fact that you are reading this article makes you part of team D3, which is an excellent example of a social support network. An effective coach can play a vital role in an athlete’s social support network by providing technical and strategic knowledge regarding how athletes execute skills and techniques and providing a positive emotional environment that fosters motivation in the athlete.
Research shows that a positive social support system can play an important role in an athlete’s ability to achieve their goals. Expanding your social support system may involve forming new peer groups and building new friendships, but the benefit is worth the effort. Triathlon often involves long hours of isolated training, but athletes can surround themselves with a positive support network that provides vital support and reassurance. So, when your race is over and you have refueled, head back to the racecourse, cheer on your fellow athletes, and be part of their social support system. It may mean more to them than you realize.
As a dedicated cyclist, I'm always on the lookout for innovative tools and techniques to elevate my training and performance. Recently, I stumbled upon a game-changer in the world of indoor cycling: robo pacers from the Zwift Cycling app coupled with the teleport feature. It’s been fun to try something new and challenge myself in a new way. I’ve shared this feature with my athletes and have heard nothing but good things from them.
What are Robo Pacers?
For those unfamiliar, robo pacers are virtual cyclists within the Zwift Cycling app that maintain a steady pace throughout a ride. These AI-driven riders offer a constant target to chase or maintain, making them invaluable companions during training sessions.
The Power of Teleportation
Now, here's where things get interesting. Zwift's teleport feature allows athletes to seamlessly teleport to different locations within the virtual cycling world. This means I can strategically position myself alongside a robo pacer of my choice, regardless of my physical location on the course.
To change robo pacers on the Zwift Companion App, read the following article from Zwift:
Here are the directions to the Zwift Portal.
Robo Pacers and Watts per Kilgram (aka w/kg)
How do you know your watts per kilogram?
Here’s an example:
Joe Rider weighs 180 pounds
180/2.2 = 81.8 kilograms
If Joe’s FTP is 240 watts, then we take the 81.8 and divide it into the 240.
Joe’s w/kg = 2.93
Looking at the list of Robo Pacers below, you’ll see that Yumi rides at 2.9 w/kg and this is the pacer Joe would want to ride with, in order to ride at his FTP. Anything over that will be a shorter effort as it will be tough for Joe to ride above threshold for more than a few minutes.
Riding below FTP for Joe would be Tempo or ‘Sweet Spot’ and riding over 2.9 w/kg would be more in line with riding at VO2.
Link to the Robo Pacers
How Athletes Can Utilize Robo Pacers and Teleportation
So, how can cyclists leverage this dynamic duo to enhance their training and performance? Let me break it down:
Setting Goals and Targets:
Before hopping onto Zwift, I set specific goals and targets for my ride. I do the same for my athletes where I may say ‘Warm up at 1.1 w.kg and spend 5 minutes with each RP’. Once you are warmed up you can teleport to the pacer that rides as close to your FTP and spend the majority of your time with this pacer.
Having clear objectives keeps me focused and motivated.
Choosing the Right Robo Pacer:
With a plethora of robo pacers available, I select one that aligns with my training goals and abilities. Whether I'm aiming for a leisurely ride or an intense interval session, there's a robo pacer to suit every need. That’s right, if you just want to ride a long and low ride - low heart rate for a long time, then riding leisurely with a RP is a great way to do it!
Having a virtual companion keeps the rider accountable and motivated to perform at their best.
Final Thoughts
Incorporating robo pacers and teleportation into my indoor cycling routine has been a game-changer. Not only do they add an element of excitement and challenge to my rides, but they also provide invaluable support in achieving my training goals. Whether I'm chasing down a virtual rival or pacing myself through an endurance ride, Zwift's innovative features have transformed the way I train and compete.
So, if you're looking to take your cycling to the next level, I highly recommend harnessing the power of robo pacers and teleportation. Trust me, you won't be disappointed.
One of things I enjoy most about coaching is gleaning insights into each athlete’s story – how they got involved in our sport and their “why”. All of us have taken a unique path to where we are in triathlon. Whether it is the weekly Saturday group ride, local sprint race or age group world championship, there are thousands of individual stories within these events. I continue to be inspired by the athletes I coach and I am grateful for them allowing me to be part of their journey. This month I would like to feature Moses Philip Phua. He is one of my international D3 athletes living in Singapore and we have been working together since the fall of 2022. From a career as an elite badminton player to overcoming a drug addiction, his journey into triathlon is quite remarkable. He recently kicked off his race season with a breakthrough performance at Challenge Malaysia. Please enjoy learning more about Moses.
1. Tell us about your athletic background in badminton as an elite player and now as a coach.
I represented the Singapore National Badminton Team from 2002-2005. I won a bronze medal for the team in the 2003 Vietnam SEA (South East Asia) Games. My training regimen was quite intensive at six days a week with two sessions a day.
Now I am enjoying coaching students from beginners all the way to junior competitive players who play for their respective universities.
2. Your journey into triathlon while overcoming some personal challenges is inspiring. Please share with us how you first got involved in the sport.
I first got involved in triathlon when I was going through treatment for issues related to drug addiction. Due to the issues with addiction, I experienced mental health symptoms such as anxiety and depression. As I was on medication, I felt weak and sleepy throughout the day, thus after some discussion with my doctor, he advised that I could start doing some exercises like hiking and running even while on medication. After watching some videos about people training for triathlons I felt that I wanted to sign up for a race and start training. At that point in time, my overall fitness was very bad and in the pool I could only do some breaststroke and no freestyle. So, I signed up for a sprint event and at the start of my training I focused a lot on the swim learning how to swim freestyle. I joined a training squad where they have group rides and group runs. Getting tips from a professional and following a proper race training plan is essential and will make things a lot easier.
3. You had a breakthrough performance at Challenge Malaysia going sub 5:45. Describe how you felt during the race and the overall experience compared to prior races.
Swim: The sea conditions were very different from when we did the trial swim the day before with much calmer water. On the race day at the start of the swim portion, the waves were rather choppy and the tide was strong, thus I started off slow and steady trying to find some space to get into the rhythm. I also used the chanting technique taught by Coach Brad to help calm myself down and focus on counting the swim trokes. After the first 300m I was able to set into my rhythm and I focused on drafting on to the faster swimmers ahead of me. I am very happy to be able to complete the 1.9km swim in 42 minutes despite the rain and choppy waters. Prior to this in July of 2023 I DNFd in a race as I panicked in the rough water conditions and had to be fished out by the safety boat as waters were too choppy.
Bike: In the bike portion, I felt my pacing improved from prior races. Previously I would start the bike portion too fast and get tired out very quickly. This time around I managed to start in the lower ranges of my target watts for the first 45km and pushed the watts in the second 45km. My nutrition plan recommended by Coach Brad was also perfectly executed - 2 gels along with 2 x 750ml bottles with two scoops of tailwind and a salt stick pill every 30 minutes. That made a difference as I felt I had enough energy throughout the bike and was also feeling fresh for the run off the bike.
Run: In previous races after transiting onto the run, at the start I would always have bad cramps in my legs. This time around I think with the brick training and proper hydration plan, the legs recovered from the transition cramps quickly and I was able to focus on pacing the run at 5:45/k.
4. You recently commented on the benefits you have seen from keeping your long and easy runs z1-2. How have you seen improvement by being disciplined with these runs?
I feel that the z1-2 runs over time gradually improved my speed over months of training while my heart rate is maintained in the lower range. I think it’s important to be disciplined and keep to z1-2 and just don’t get distracted when others are training at a much faster pace and be patient. I feel now my endurance in running has improved and I can run much longer distances without getting overly tired.
5. Being more comfortable, physically & mentally in the open water is something you have been working on this past year. What have you done to help with this and what advice do you have for other athletes who may be having similar experiences in the open water?
First, after discussing with Coach Brad, I increased my swim sessions to three times a week. One of the sessions makes me get used to swimming and getting familiar with pacing and the drills helped me to improve my stroke. I also joined open water group swim training once a month. Another thing that helped me was the counting strokes in the water combined with a chant that helps me to stay calm. I also learned from Coach Brad that at any point when I feel panicky, I can just stop for a while to regulate my breathing then continue swimming again. I also focused on drafting the person in front of me and sight more frequently.
6. You live in the hot & humid climate of Singapore. Describe what that is like for daily training and any specific challenges related to the weather, traffic, etc.? Do you have training partners or training groups and how much of your cycling is done indoors?
In Singapore it can get very hot and humid so I would start the ride earlier in the morning when it is not so hot. I will only start cycling in the heat about two months before a race starts so I can acclimatise to the heat. During the November to March period is the rainy season so I have an indoor trainer to use if it rains outside. The cycling terrain here is generally quite flat and cycling one time around Singapore can clock you 140km. There are a lot of traffic lights when riding the route around the island. There are two places in Singapore I can cycle safely - Seletar Airspace and Tanah Merah Coastal. They have 30-40km flat loops with a cycling lane where I can cycle with less traffic and traffic lights. There is a hill called Mount Faber where people do their hill climbs. I train with a triathlon group called Elevate where we do group swims, runs and rides together. I do two sessions on my indoor trainer each week as it helps me save time and I feel it is safer for me during the weekdays where traffic is heavy.
7. What is one of your favorite workouts?
My favourite workout is the Z1-2 long run as I usually do it by the beach where I get to see the sunrise and a nice cup of ice latte and strawberry donut after.
I suspect that most of you know only too well the challenges of learning to swim well after reaching your 20s. The solution if you can afford it is to have a coach on deck. The next best thing is being part of a master's group
But even with a master's group, you will still swim on your own a lot. It is impossible to see all aspects of your stroke, and until you have a lot of experience, tell when you might be doing something wrong. The goggles have the answer (so far, just for freestyle), and they will help you improve significantly if you make the most use of them.
The big feature is a heads-up display showing you a wide range of data you can use to help your swim form. Data is projected in either the right or left goggle. I have been using it for the past year.
I am going to keep this short, giving you enough information to want to explore more. The best place would be the Form web site or this review by DC Rainmaker.
First, Form can replace the need to bring paper notes or a phone to the pool deck, what to do next is updated throughout your workout. Workouts can be transferred from Training Peaks, and other apps. As a remote coach, I love this as it goes a long way to making it easy for my athletes to follow the plan.
A warning, these are not inexpensive, around $200. If you spent 5-600 on a Garmin Watch and/or you’re serious about improving your swim, then they should be in your inventory.
But as I noted at the beginning, it will also help you stay focused on several key things with your freestyle stroke. Here are the things.
Stroke Rate: Below the timer, you can display your stroke rate. IM Ireland taught me the importance of holding a high stroke rate. Lucy Charles Barkley was swimming at 90rpm last October in Kona.
Peak Head Roll:
I think the screenshot tells you what this is. When breathing, you do not want to lift your head or rotate it any more than is necessary to get your mouth out to breathe. This was and is one of the things I see most swimmers doing wrong. That is my score from the Form App in a recent workout. I have been working on this for a long time and was very pleased to find I have it nailed.
Time to Netural: This was a new Idea when I saw it first and I have room for improvement. It would seem I am not getting my head back into the water fast enough. I am not making the mistake of exhaling fully before I come up for air and I am not rotating too far (per the Head Roll data). I think I am not inhaling quickly.
What is very helpful is you can drill down to the weeds of this by looking at the results for each set, see below. My first set of 50’s was a lot better than the average as were several other sets. The low scoring sets were the result of using a snorkel, something I am using when I want to focus on stroke count.
Head Pitch: I'm not doing great on this score either. This was a surprise to me. I thought my head position was spot on, but the coaches at Form think I should raise my head a bit.
There is a lot more to theses goggles and the accompanying app, check it out.
Multisport is about so much more than triathlon. As I was planning out my own racing season this year, I found myself searching for opportunities to mix things up. In years that I have a big (sometimes crazy) race goal on the calendar, I will build my season around that key race (or races). Ironman in the fall? Ok, let’s do shorter races in the spring and a 70.3 in the summer. It can be easy to fall into a pattern of races.
When many of us think about non-triathlon events, we “branch out” to a 5k or half-marathon run. But there are multiple ways to look beyond swim-bike-run when planning a season.
There are the more obvious single-sport events to consider–swim meets and open water swims, bike races including TT’s, crits, gravel rides, and touring/fondos. The afore-mentioned running races of all distances.
How about a duathlon, aquabike, aquathlon? Otillo format (swim/run/swim/run/etc.) looks very interesting. (I’ll be racing this format for the first time this fall.)
Have you tried racing in a draft legal format? Multi-day festivals (like Omaha in June) and racing back to back are an interesting challenge.
It’s common for short course racers to look to “step up” to long course with goals of half or full distance. What about going the other way? If you’re always racing long course, sign up for a couple of sprints and see how fast you can go (and how much racing above threshold hurts)!
You can also think beyond the race type and consider different experiences. Travel races make for more challenging logistics but give the opportunity to see the world!
You’ll learn quite a lot about the sport by volunteering at an event. If you volunteer often, sign up for spots on different parts of the course. Make volunteering a regular part of your race calendar.
Travel somewhere new. Race with your spouse (If he or she is not a triathlete, pick a single-sport race.) Be a sherpa/supporter and make someone else’s day easier. Tackle a challenge that’s not a race–like running or hiking rim-to-rim of the Grand Canyon.
We spend a lot of time building fitness for our “A” races–it can be easy to lose track of all of the opportunities that fitness (and love of sport) provides!
For many athletes in the middle of winter, race day feels far, far away. And yet, this is the time of year when races are won and goals are achieved. Athletes who get in their off-season training build the platform for the increases in intensity and volume in the months ahead. And that’s how they achieve their goals come race season.
But…the races seem just so—distant. And it’s cold and wet and the days are short and the nights are dark. It’s easy for you to lose focus on the race calendar and skip some workouts or decide not to execute your workouts as planned. In addition to breaking your coach’s heart, your veering off your training plan now will catch up with you later, when it’s too late to make up for what you could be doing in the months before race season.
How do you maintain the focus and exercise the resolve to do right now what you will wish with all your heart that you had done come race day? Let’s talk about climbing Mount Kilimanjaro.
Our friend Polly had signed up to climb Kilimanjaro, highest mountain in all of Africa at 19,340 feet above sea level. It’s a long, sustained hike to the top, and a long, sustained walk back to the start. Polly had never done anything like this and didn’t really know where to start to prepare for the expedition. So we put together a training plan aimed at giving Holly the physical stamina to make the summit (and return safely—key point and main goal). The plan included the mental stamina for long days of climbing in the increasingly thin atmosphere.
I asked Polly what she would do the minute she reached the summit. Polly burst out: “I will throw my arms up in the air like this!” So, we included, in every single workout, when she got to the top of the hike or turnaround point in the climb, that Polly would throw her arms up in the air like this just as though she had summited Kilimanjaro. Polly imagined what it would feel like to attain the summit and how happy she would be—like this!
We also trained Holly to throw her arms up at the end of every workout, just as she would when safely back down the mountain.
This little technique—making an image of what it will be like to attain your goal and linking it to every single workout—helped Polly through the months of training for her distant goal.
You can do the same. Here’s how.
Step 1. Right now today, make an image of how you want to feel at the end of your race (first race, most important race—you pick). See yourself having achieved your goal for that race. Feel the sensations of accomplishment.
Step 2. Select the gesture that you will make after crossing the finish line—arms in the air like Polly, blowing kisses to the crowd, shaking hands with your competitors. Right now, do that gesture-like this!
Step 3. At the turnaround and at the finish of every workout, do that gesture. If you feel embarrassed to do it if there are people around, do a smaller version or find a private place to do it. Do this at the end of every single workout.
That’s it. It really is that simple. Your brain will get acclimatized to this little victory and help you focus now on your distant goal.
Ask Polly. She made it to the summit of 19,000-foot Kilimanjaro strong and fit and returned safely. Like that!
It’s the end of the year and the beginning of a new year!
For many of us, our primary race season is now over. It might be time to reduce load, volume and intensity, and maybe restructure to a winter, or off-season, focused training block. This might be a good time to be a single-sport athlete and focus on a specific discipline.
Before you move on, reflect on 3 questions from your 2023 season.
What went well or what did you enjoy about 2023?
What did you learn? No matter the experience level, we always learn something.
What would you do differently? “Back to the lab again, yo.” Get healthy- mentally and physically. A mental check could be your mindset about things you don't love doing. For example, if you hate swimming, guess what, you will not improve in it. If you have a negative hang-up about something, that’s not going to help your cause for being your best self. Change your mindset for more positivity and envision your best self doing doing that task with efficiency and gratitude.
I’ve been doing this racing business for 25 years. And I must say I simply can not copy and paste one training season’s plan to the next. Subtle changes always require me to move forward and adapt and change. I do believe this is a great thing.
Show Gratitude
One thing I want to point out is to never take your fitness for granted. I have, on several occasions, just assumed I could build off one season or improve from the previous year.
For me, 2021 was a pretty darn good year, but I didn’t recognize it as such. You see most of us always want a little more; that’s the nature of this business. But its also important to appreciate what you have at the same time, because you never know when that might change. Show appreciation to yourself.
New year… New You
Now as we roll to 2024, you can start with the last question of what would you do differently.
Are you willing to take different risks? Try something new?
For me, maybe it's some epic gravel bike races. I’ve always wanted to bike from Fort Collins to Durango, CO
State your goals, mottos and motivations, what’s your why? Again, this is not a rinse and repeat from previous years, because what got you out of bed at 5am in 2023 might be stale and worn and it’s time to find a new you and new reason- a new fire.
Have you been plagued with injuries, maybe chronically getting a cold, or schedule conflicts have limited your improvements. What can you realistically handle and change in your life to be a better version of yourself? Maybe that’s a change in race distances or disciplines to accommodate a change in lifestyle.
Goals that are written down increase the chances of achieving them by 42% Lastly, write down your athletic and personal goals for 2024. Maybe individual sport-specific including strength (deadlift 10% more than last year), and maybe triathlon as a whole (break 5 hrs in a half).
Then list a sub-set of what steps you need to take to get there.
Saying you want to swim faster is fine, but what are you willing to do differently to get there?. Maybe going from 2-3 days to 4-5 days a week. Maybe it’s joining a masters program 1-2 days a week. Getting some professional help with swimming is not a 1 and done process. Commit some time and energy to your cause.
I also recommend doing something different or trying something new. Maybe it’s a trail race or a team relay race. Maybe it’s biking across your state. (Unless you live in Texas :-)). I also recommend working on all-out speed in each discipline. Have you ever done an adult swim meet, an all-out 5k best effort, or done a local bike race or time trial? Ditch the Garmin and go for broke and see what you can really do.
Write or type your goals out and print them out.
Post them where you WILL see them everyday. Not just white noise. Maybe it’s at your coffee maker, or in your bathroom. Or next to your shoes.
Print it out short and sweet so its to the point and fires you up!! Small daily executions of a new habit will compound into big changes.
Dream In Years
Set Goals in Quarters
Plan in Months
Evaluate in Weeks
Execute Daily!!
Meet D3 athlete Matt Szymaszek! Matt is coming off a strong season of racing setting PBs at both the 70.3 and IM distances. Enjoy learning more about this husband, father and former collegiate runner turned triathlete.
1. How are you able to successfully maintain a healthy life balance with your family, work as an ICU physician and training/racing?
Truthfully, if it was not for my wife allowing me the freedom to get the training and racing in, I would not be doing half of the workouts required. We have a shared calendar and all of our appointments, work schedules, boys activities, etc are in there. Having that framework to build training has been key. Brad has been great in adjusting my training weeks around my work schedule because if I tried to keep a normal training load when I'm in the ICU something would suffer, typically sleep, and I have found that burning the candle at both ends for any length of time is typically not worth it.
2. You have a background in running. Please tell us more about this and your journey into triathlon.
I started running cross country in high school to get into shape for hockey season and then ultimately stopped playing hockey to run more. I then ran in college at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, NY and one of my teammates was able to earn his pro card in triathlon following graduation and that was my first introduction to triathlon but never gave it a thought to try myself. After I graduated I started running longer distance and ran Boston and Philadelphia marathons twice through medical school/residency and it wasn't until 2019 when another one of my former teammates completed IM Wisconsin that it peaked my interest. I figured if he could do it, so could I, and I could do it faster. I then purchased a training plan from D3 and started training on my own. My first ever triathlon, which also was my first ever open water swim, was 70.3 St. George in 2020, and I was fortunate enough to get a roll down spot for Worlds. Since then I've been hooked!
3. Your consistency is super impressive. What motivates you to get out the door each day and do the work?
Triathlon has made me realize all of the things I've done wrong over the years preparing for other endurance endeavors. Reflecting on the 20 previous years of over-training has motivated me to get it right and hopefully reach my potential. The other motivator, and it may sound cliché, are my two boys. I can see they are inspired by the work I do and this has lead them to take up swim team, cross country, and they too want to be Ironmen. They even join me in the pain cave on their stationary bikes or on the treadmill while I'm grinding it out on Zwift.
4. You raced at the 70.3 World Championships in Lahti, Finland this past year nearly besting your PB set earlier in the season at 70.3 Boulder on a more challenging course. What was that experience like for you?
Lahti was such a great experience and really opened my eyes to the talent that is out there and what it's going to take to make the next jump. It was rainy and cool on race day which I think helped because I do not do well in the heat. The atmosphere was supercharged with anticipation and excitement and everyone there was stoked to compete making the practice swims and other training rides/runs enjoyable and less anxiety provoking. Also, getting around on the abundance of scooters also made for a good time.
5. What is one of your favorite workouts?
I do love myself a good 70.3 paced brick. I always finish those feeling so confident in my fitness. I could do without swimming forever if I could.
6. What do you enjoy the most about the training process and race day?
It's the steady progress and measurable gains that I enjoy the most. Training for three different disciplines is so much different than when I was running alone. Comparing prior workouts and seeing actual improvement from week to week, month to month and using that information to predict outcomes fairly accurately is encouraging and that trusting the process works. There's so much planning that goes into race day from nutrition, to watts and pacing, weather outlook, etc I think I get wrapped up in the build up and forget to let go sometimes, nearly psyching myself out before the race has begun.
7. Any big races or notable goals planned for 2024 you would like to share?
I might try to scale things back this year from 70.3 and IM and try my hand at some shorter distances. 70.3 Boulder is just too close to pass up and I've tentatively committed to the Steamboat marathon so I can get another Boston qualifier for 2025 and run it with some former teammates. I'm still looking for that elusive Kona spot but that quest will probably have to wait until 2025. My wife is actually getting ready for 70.3 Oregon so I'll be helping her out with that since she's given me so much freedom to pursue my goals it's only fair I reciprocate.
FROM THE MAILBAG:Question:
I have, in my schedule over the next year, to do a full marathon on December 10th, with a half mary in late November (as a training run), and IMAZ on April 15th, 2007. Its a very ambitious goal, I know, but I have no doubt that I can do it. I have a decent bike and running base, (80-100 mpw and 12-15 mpw respectively). Anyway, I have a training program for the IM that officially kicks off in late October (24 weeks), so I have up until then to build more base and add in swimming. My question is; how should I go about training for the marathon while also building base in the other two events? Currently, I have it worked out to where I run three times a week, bike three times a week, and will add swimming two times a week here in the next month (Monday is rest, or it might be a swim day). But doing this seems like its causing me to break the 10% rule in running. Is this ok, if I'm rotating out events (less risk of overuse injury?)? I'll post my tentative training schedule as soon as I finish, but would love some input.
Answer:
Many times when I start working with an athlete they are usually stronger in one event than the other two. Typically I introduce them to something I call 'Sport Rotation' Whatever the weakest event is I have the athlete start a training cycle that helps them address this weakness specifically. You can read more about Sport Rotation here: .
In the case of this athlete, the first thing to be addressed is the amount of volume they are training. Most of us have limited time and this case is no different, however, cycling volume for an IM should be closer to 150 miles per week, and 25-30 miles per week running. For someone with a strong swim background, three swims per week is adequate, but if this is your weaker event, then maybe four to five swims might be better. So as this athlete gets within 18 weeks of their Ironman race, I would suggest at least 3 hours per week of swimming, 8 hours of cycling and 4 hours of running (for the bigger weeks of training).
In order to be able to handle this volume, the athlete will have to slowly increase the volume; and this where the Sport Rotation method can be applied. With a December marathon on the schedule you can kick start the run focus in September. This will give the athlete plenty of time to build up running frequency (how many times per week) and running duration (how much time for each workout). Starting out with something as simple as 1 longer run of one hour, 1 shorter run of 30 minutes, and two to three fifteen to twenty minute runs will do the trick. Over time you will add ten minutes per week to the longer run, and eventually bring the shorter run up to one hour. The fifteen to twenty minute runs eventually become thirty to forty five minute runs as well. Yes, you break the 10% rule but if you want to improve you cannot do everything by the book.
While in the run focus, swim 2 days per week, one day focused on technique and the other focused on endurance. The cycling in this period should be one day of strength (hills) and one day of endurance if possible.
After the marathon, I would focus on swimming as it will be easier on your body. Just as you did with the running, I would swim more frequently, as much as five times per week. Make one day purely drills, two days of endurance, one day of swim pacing, and one day of speed. Keep off the run legs for a few weeks, but add in some extra biking, something like a day of race pace, and a few trainer sessions focused on high Zone 2 work or Zone 3 if you are an experienced cyclist. This is where a smart trainer, like a Wahoo or Garmin Tacx comes in great for the bike workouts. I would keep the swim focus going for four to six weeks.
Once you are ready to move into your last Sport Rotation phase on the bike, you should have plenty of power, so you'll need to keep that rolling and add in some endurance rides. From mid-January to early March, the focus should be on the bike. This would include continuing with the focused trainer workouts at ironman effort, some pedaling drills one time per week, and some mid-distance rides and one longer ride. Maintain the swim with two-three swims per week, and by this point running should be up to speed at three times per week. The runs should consist of one longer run (2:00), one tempo style run, and maybe one brick.
Once you hit the last six weeks of training you can go back to a balanced approach of three swims per week, three runs per week, and probably four bikes per week. This is the time to focus on race pace in all three events, and riding and running on a course similar to what you'll be racing on. Its also the time to work out your pacing and nutrition plans and dialing in your heart rate zones. Good luck with your Ironman quest!
This month’s Athlete Interview is with Marc DeCaul. Marc is a former ITU racer but now with a family and limited time to train and he has to get creative with his training. Enjoy the interview with Marc!
D3: Marc, where do you live? And when did you start working with D3?
MD: I live in Grenada, a small island in the southern Caribbean. I started working with D3 with Mike in early 2017.
D3: What does a normal day look like - work, family time, etc?
MD: I break my day up into segments - training, work, kids/family/wife. I try to achieve a lot each day so I try to make sure whichever segment I am in, I am truly focused on it. I find that better than always working on all things. My typical day starts not very early, I'm much more of a night owl. I get up and get myself ready for my daily workouts and get them out of the way. I find once I get into other things, I get too busy and end up having to skip workouts which I hate. It also gets hotter as the day goes on so it's harder to workout later.
Once the workouts are done I get started on work. I don't like to work long hours and I have worked hard to be as efficient as possible, with little distractions, and just trying to be as productive as possible. I get a lot done in a short amount of time. For instance I mostly only answer work emails once a day. I see them on my phone so I can respond if there is something urgent or quick but apart from that I have a time when I do them and then move on.
MD:Work ends when I have to pick the girls up from school, mostly at 4pm depending on whether they have dance, tae kwon do, tennis, or music. We (me, the girls, and my wife, when she finishes work) then spend the afternoon hanging out, we sometimes go ride our bikes, go to the beach or pool, sailing the Hobie cat, Kayaking, playing Monopoly or just watching a Disney movie. About 6:30 I get the kids fed, showered, brush their hair, read a story and put them to bed at about 7:30. Then have dinner with my wife and then we relax before bed, often watching Netflix. There are days where I don't get all my work done in the day and jump back on my computer and put in a few more hours of work after dinner.
D3: Are the weekends the same - same routine?
MD:The weekends are similar except I work less and hang out with the family more. I will head out with friends with kids of similar ages and we all go to the beach most of the time.
D3: Do you have to travel for almost all your races?
MD:I more or less always have to travel internationally to race. At one point I was the organizer of a big event here in Grenada with internationals coming in but as the race director I never got to compete at the event. I wasn't able to put it on in 2017 and lost the momentum for a few years. I scheduled to start the event again in 2020 but that didn't happen obviously. There are a few races here in Grenada currently, but they are fairly small and not having races for a few years has meant that the level of competition and depth of field is quite low so they don't really satisfy my drive for competition very much. There are a few youngsters that I am coaching that are getting quite fast so the racing is getting a bit more interesting locally.
D3: How did you get started with triathlon? ?
MD: I did a few races locally as a kid. There was very little in the way of organized sport on the island growing up, not events nor people with experience or knowledge to do any coaching. I however loved riding my bike, it was just a cheap MTB but I rode every chance I could. Not for sport or training particularly. It was just a method of transport and freedom, a way to explore and I loved going fast. I was asked in school what I wanted to be and I said I just wanted to ride my bike. Not that I thought it was a profession, I just want to do it.
I left home at 16 to live in the UK for a couple years of high school and then on to college. I did my first race in the UK the first summer and got hypothermia in the swim. I had never experienced water that cold. I couldn’t put my head in the water. I think the swim took me nearly an hour, just doing doggy paddle for 1500m. I finished the race but I shivered the entire time. I didn’t race again for 3 years.
It was finally when I got to college, they had the UK college champs and they were in a pool and I figured I could handle that. For some reason, I went into the event thinking I was a medal contender. I finished 63rd out of 64 athletes (male and female). Most of the field were UK pros. I did not take it well. I couldn’t believe that I did so bad. I spent that entire night, maybe 6 hours analyzing the results, comparing every timing point to every other athlete and working out percentages. I worked out that had I been 5% faster in 1 of the disciplines (I can’t remember which now but it was the one I was the worst at likely) I could have gained x places. I signed up for another pool based tri 2 weeks later with the goal of just improving that and I did. I then set another achievable goal of 1 thing to improve and raced again 2 weeks later. I did that all summer and at the end was much more competitive.
I went to triathlon expo in early 2003 and Steve Trew was doing a talk. He had coached one of the female Olympians and written a couple books on training. As usual I had zero perspective on where I stood, I knew where I was planning to stand, and that was what I saw about myself. I went to speak to Steve after his talk to ask him to train me. You can imagine the look on his face when he asked who I was and my experience. I explained I had basically been racing sprints but intended to go to the world champs that year. He suggested I buy his book and get some of the basics and some more experience. I insisted and eventually he caved and invited me to a training camp in Malta. I think he thought I wouldn’t make the commitment but I did. That is when things changed again.
There were a couple elites that Steve coached that came to the camp. That is when I found out that there were pro athletes and all they did was train all day. I got to live that life for 2 weeks in Malta. Wake up and train and eat until it was bed time. That was when I decided that I was going to race full time. That year I didn’t make top 5 at any of the qualification races for worlds but I was close. I did qualify for Euro champs in Czech and I ended up qualifying on the roll down for worlds. That year they had the qualification for 2003 and 2004 and 2004 was so early in the year. 2003 was on short notice and I hadn’t been training. 2004 I believed I was going to win, I put in so much work but my tire went flat in transition, loose valve core. I didn’t have a spare so I only did the swim. I was very upset. I don’t think I was as fast as I thought I was though anyway.
From there I basically started making my plans to race full time. I knew everyone trained in Australia over the winter so I started looking in coaches. I found out about a coach name Bill Daveron on the Gold Coast. Like my usual unaware self, I called him to explain my plan and his role in it. He had a similar response to Steve Trew but ultimately complied and agreed to let me join his squad and organized a homestay for me. That November I moved to Australia and started training full time. It was about my 3rd or 4th run with Brad Kahlefeldt that I found it he was ranked number 1 in the world and I realized I had once again skipped a few steps. At that point I still had no idea about the process. I was laughed at 60 mins into a Sunday run when I remarked “wow, you guys run for long, I have never run this long before”. I spent 6 months there doing the work. I was still very green though, I definitely took on too much too soon. Their philosophy was to do lot’s of training and I couldn’t always recover. In fact I think I was permanently over trained.
Basically somewhere in there my goals were short course elite ITU races, going to Commonwealth Games and qualifying for the Olympics. I was a bit more realistic about what it would take and knew where I really was. From Australia I ended up in Ontario, Canada training under Barrie Shepley. I was racing ITU draft legal races and went to the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne in 2006 and then Central America and Caribbean Games later that year. I also raced at the PanAm Games in 2007. I was very strong on the bike, could control the bike pack. My run was not great but my real issue was my swim. I was not really good enough to get out the water in the packs so my run didn’t really matter. By 2007 I started being able to handle the training and learning how to really push myself and what I was capable of. I started making big inroads on the swim and was able to stay with a pack by late 2007. I had also gained a bit on the run. I ran 17:12 for a 5km road race on a rolling course. Not fast enough to make me a threat to anyone but I wasn’t slow. Unfortunately though, it was my last season and I had to stop right when I was finally starting to adapt and make progress.
Around 2017, I really missed racing and the competition though and got in touch with Mike in 2017 to give me some direction.
D3: Do you train with partners?
MD: I pretty much never train with partners but I definitely miss having people to train with. It would make it so much harder to miss a workout, it would certainly help on the days that it doesn't seem to be going well and most importantly, the social aspect just makes it more fun. Unfortunately there isn't anyone here that wants to train to my level and for me to balance family, work and getting enough sleep at night, I tend to train at times that don't work with other people's schedules. I do get people to join me for some of my long runs sometimes. There are about 3 or 4 people that will run with me but they are not consistent. Often I get at least 1 of them to show up on a Sunday morning.
D3: What is your favorite workout?
MD: I don't know if I have a favorite workout really, but I know it is probably on the bike. I do enjoy long group rides but the group part is hard to achieve here. Generally though I like workouts with short, tough intervals or big climbs. I think I'm just a husky deep inside and just need to be worked.
D3: Name one area where you've improved while working with D3?
MD: I think my discipline has improved the most with D3. The direction has been so important. I want to do the work. I just need the structure and being told what to do each day. I'm like a robot with a directive and I go to bed and can't wait to get up the next day and execute the command. I think this is especially important as I train alone, I have no group to meet, no set time I have to be at the pool or the track, and no one relying on me. In general I really struggle with not completing a goal, I stick at tasks way longer than I should just to see them through. I am unable to let go of my mind if I haven't done the workouts in TP. Before D3, I would create the structure but it was open to subjectivity from me. If I was tired, I could wake up and rather than getting going and realizing I just needed to warm up, I would justify that I needed a break and change the workout or just not do it. I would be motivated still but didn't have the discipline to always stick to it. Of course I have to have total trust in Mike because whatever he says to do, I do.
D3: What does a typical training day look like?
MD: A typical training day during the week is normally either a bike and gym day or a run and swim day. I try to get them done back to back as best as possible because as the day goes on the less likely I am to be able to get the second workout done. I try to prioritize the workout that I need to do before it gets too hot the most. Even the pool swims can be brutally hot later in the morning. I do most of the bike rides on the trainer, it's just more time efficient and I can ride the exact numbers in ERG mode. There are no flat roads here, the hills tend to be quite steep but short, so it is impossible to stay in the right zones. I do my runs on the roads in my neighborhood rather than having to drive somewhere to run to save time. The exception may be for the long runs on a Sunday as I have a bit more time and the change of scenery is a plus. I swim in an odd shaped hotel pool 5 minutes away,
D3: Thanks so much for talking Marc and good luck this upcoming season!
With winter fast approaching in many parts of the country, are you prepared to continue training outside? You can maintain outdoor training with the appropriate clothing and footwear, even when temperatures drop below freezing. To run or ride a bike in the cold, you need a well-thought-out plan to ensure you stay warm and comfortable to maximize your training effort. Layering your clothing is your best option to stay comfortable when exercising in the cold; this approach will allow you to add and remove layers, depending on the temperatures and the conditions.
First, start with a base layer made from synthetic materials that allow moisture removal from the skin. Never use cotton as a base layer since cotton has no wicking capabilities and will absorb water. A 3/4 zip turtleneck is a good option. The zippers can allow for venting if you begin to overheat. Next is a mid-layer that provides insulation. Synthetic materials or wool are good options, but you want to choose a material that will continue to provide insulation even when wet. Again, zippers that allow venting are vital to the mid-layer. The last component of your layering system is the outer layer. The outer layer protects you from the elements, whether wind, rain, or snow. The outer layer should be breathable, allowing moisture to escape, and made from waterproof material to protect you from the elements. Once again, zippers are essential in constructing the outer layer to aid in temperature regulation.
Keeping your head, hands, and feet warm and dry is crucial to having an enjoyable workout on cold, windy, and wet training days. Gloves that block the wind but are still breathable are essential. It’s a good idea to have a pocket in the layering system to store your gloves if you overheat. The same is valid with headgear. I opt for a headband to cover my ears and add a synthetic or wool cap as needed, as with the layering system, thermal regulation is critical. Wind and water-resistant running shoes and cycling shoe covers are essential when temperatures drop below freezing.
When training in the cold, a well-thought-out layering system allows you to regulate your body heat and adjust to varying temperature changes and wind speeds, making cold weather training an enjoyable experience. So, get off the treadmill and bike trainer and enjoy the winter. Good luck with your training and your future racing schedule.
In my youthful days, an Old Geezer referred to a man over 50. These days, as I am 77, I would not define an Old Geezer as much less than 65. And, while calling a woman an Old Geezer would have been insulting back in my youth, I suspect today's women are not so sensitive. So here are some thoughts from one Old Geezer to others on what it takes to race long when your non-athletic friends think you are crazy.
But first, a nontrivial question. Why would you want to keep doing long-course racing into your 60's and 70's. It's a question you should ask yourself when you first get the idea of doing an IronMan, AKA long-course race, at any age. It should be an annual question to ask yourself until you stop. It's a huge time commitment to do well and enjoy. It means not doing some things that perhaps you should be doing. You need to bring the family along for the fun. This does not change because your children are grown up and or you are retired. And racing short-course is enough to stay healthy with more time for other stuff.
A day in a young athlete's life should not be much different than for an old athlete. Advancing age does not alter the workouts you should do but does change their frequency. At any age, adequate sleep is essential, strength and mobility workouts are crucial, and a healthy diet is not negotiable. Finding the balance between enough and too much training gets more challenging with age.
Here are my priorities.
Sleep
Over the years, I have heard several work colleagues claiming they can get away with less than 6 hours of sleep a night. None were athletic. Science says around 7.5 hours is needed consistently, which is sleep, not time in bed, to stay healthy. Most top professional triathletes get 8-9 hours and nap daily. Since I retired, this has been my routine during the peak training months. If other priorities in life limit you to 7 or fewer hours a night, short-course racing is the way to go until more time is available.
Diet
Yes, you can have a crappy diet and still compete reasonably well. The diets of some Olympic athletes are far from good. I think one argument is they are young. But what is that doing to them? Are they reaching their best potential? And, more important for this audience, health problems in old age. Bad diets tend to go along with excess body weight. You won't and perhaps can't get to a healthy body weight with exercise alone. I weighed almost 20 lbs more than I should have before improving my diet and limiting alcohol (tough, I love my Guinness). Those extra lbs probably accelerated the developing arthritis in my knees. Fortunately, I lost that weight before training for long-course racing.
Strength and mobility
I am not a good example to follow regarding this topic. My problem is the lack of consistency. It is hard to work this into a training plan when you are also swimming, biking, and running. But it is vital to being healthy in old age. Working this into your daily, weekly, and monthly routine should be considered when considering long-course racing. The best way to address this is to find a strength and mobility coach focused on overall health and endurance sports. Get them to evaluate your current condition and develop a routine that takes about 30-40 min to complete. You could do this after a recovery workout in one of the three sports.
Workout Frequency and Intensity
The best advice is to read Joe Friel's Fast after 50. Here are some of the things you would learn from it. Most training plans follow the standard seven-day week. Youngsters can keep a challenging training schedule with one easy or rest day each week and a recovery week after three weeks. Sometime after 50, but it could be later, this will become too much.
My early solution, when still working, was simple: 2 weeks with appropriate high-intensity and long workouts, then a recovery week. Friel's solution is a nine-day or even 10-day week with two recovery days. Eventually, you will get to where I am, two nine-day weeks and then a nine-day recovery week.
When you consistently struggle to progress with LT and or Vo2 workouts, then it is time to spread things out.
Advancing age has one significant benefit: you have learned a lot. If this knowledge includes many years of triathlon or one of the three sports, you should be able to recognize the signs of overtraining. And, you have the gained wisdom to know that backing off or taking a rest day is not going to wreck your training. Stick with a 7-day week or work up a plan as Friel suggests, but either way, be prepared to adjust it daily or weekly.
To summarize, what does it take? Consistent training gets more critical as we age, and you won't be consistent if you don't look after your health. Fitness helps your health, but it does not guarantee it. So, a healthy diet, limited alcohol consumption, adequate sleep, and more rest days are the magic formula. Oh, and being on excellent terms with your medical support team.
Most athletes perform workouts at a single intensity. They will warmup, do a single intensity effort, and then do a cool down. If they are particularly inspired, they will do multiple reps at a single specific intensity (interval training.) This approach, while convenient, can often leave gains on the table. Running at multiple paces within a workout can have many benefits.
First, it can teach your body to deal with how races play out. It is rare for races to be raced at a single effort. There are uphill segments that may require higher efforts or downhill segments which give a chance for active recovery. The Athlete may need to cover a move of another racer if they have podium aspirations. By training at different paces, we teach our bodies to handle the different paces that can occur during a single race.
Another advantage of running multiple paces in a single workout, depending on the paces chosen, is you can teach your body to utilize lactate as a fuel. By working at paces faster than your lactate threshold and then changing paces around that threshold you can begin to teach your body to be more efficient at utilizing the lactate generated by the harder paces at the beginning.
These workouts take getting used to if you are an athlete who is used to single pace, zone 2 and 3 training. Tackle each workout in order and plan on at least one active recovery day following the workout. Lactate shuttling workouts can be effective training for all race distances from the 1500 to the marathon if utilized within a well thought out training plan.
Three Workout Progression.
Important main set workout notes
Flex #1
Warm up
15 minutes last 3 up-tempo
Drills and Strides
Main Set
Repeat 4 times
Cool Down
10 minutes easy
Flex #2
Warm up
15 minutes last 3 up-tempo
Drills and Strides
Main Set
Repeat 4 times
Cool Down
10 minutes easy
Flex #3
Warm up
15 minutes last 3 up-tempo
Drills and Strides
Main Set
Repeat 4 times
EACH SET FLOWS IMMEDIATELY INTO THE NEXT. There is no rest, the 90% threshold is active recovery.
Cool Down
10 minutes easy
This is a hard workout!
In today’s high-tech world of wearable devices coaches and athletes can track, monitor and analyze just about anything to help improve performance – heart rate, power, pace, HRV, glucose levels and so much more. When looking at improved running performance over time, two closely intertwined metrics I like to monitor with my athletes are ground contact time (GCT) and vertical oscillation (VO). Both metrics are captured by many GPS watches when connected with a chest heart rate monitor, pod or running power meter such as Stryd. Within the Garmin family they are referred to as Running Dynamics. Improvement with either or both metrics will improve running efficiency which ultimately boosts performance. Keep in mind much of this is individual and specific to your personal physiology and physique. We should be careful to avoid chasing the “perfect number” and avoid comparing ourselves to elite athletes, our friends and training partners. Likewise, I always caution my athletes to not be too over analytical when sifting through these and other metrics.
Ground Contact Time (GTC) – the measure of time in milliseconds that our foot is in contact with the ground with each step while running. Most athletes are typically in the 200-300ms range while elite runners will often have values that are sub 200ms reaching down to 175ms. Generally speaking, the faster you run the less amount of time your feet will spend on the ground. For anyone who consistently has values above 300ms there is likely room for improvement. A sub-metric related to GTC is GTC Balance which measures the symmetry between your left and right sides. An acceptable range is 49-51% with a differential greater than 2% often considered to indicate poor symmetry. This metric is important as good symmetry will help reduce risk of injury and improve efficiency.
Vertical Oscillation (VO) – the measure of how much our torso moves up and down or how much “bounce” we have while running. The sweet spot for most athletes is 5-10cm (~2-4’’). The goal with running is to be propelled forward as efficiently as possible while moving both vertically and horizontally. VO reflects how much energy is being spent driving us up and down. Too much bounce or a VO above 10cm often becomes inefficient as we waste energy and does not contribute to effective forward motion. Too little VO, below 5cm, indicates lack of “flight time” or time spent in the air and an increase in GCT. Factors that contribute to having an excessive bounce include not having a slight forward lean and mistiming the take-off phase of your stride. A low VO typically reflects lack of general conditioning/fitness and lack of strength, especially in the glutes. Like many variables, VO will change relative to terrain and pace. Honing your sweet spot is kind of like the porridge in Goldilocks and the Three Bears kid’s fable – it shouldn’t be too hot or too cold, but just right!
How to improve GCT and VO:
Here are some of my go-to plyometric exercises with video links which I recommend mixing in as part of a year-round periodized strength training program:
Run like the wind,
Coach Brad
